the effects of Alcatraz essays

the effects of Alcatraz essays Between the years 1934 and 1963 one of the most infamous prisons in history was operated. Alcatraz Island Federal Penitentiary earned a reputation for being one of the most feared prisons in the world. Its maximum security escape-proof environment was built to house the most villainous criminals of its time. For 29 years, under four wardens, Alcatraz Penitentiary succeeded as being a place of isolation and reformation for a total of 1,567 inmates. During the 1930s a crime wave crashed through American towns and cities. The primary cause for the eruption and eventual spread of criminal activity, during this period known as the Gangster Era, was the legal prohibition of intoxicating drinks. Gangs such as the Toughy Gang were involved in robberies, dealing with post offices and mail-delivery vehicles, around the country. Other well-known offenders included Al Capone, machine gun kelly, albert bates, harvey baily, and john dillinger (all who ended up in alcatraz, except for dillinger who was killed by the police). It was clear that the local law enforcement agencies were unable to combat the threat these men posed to the community. Even when they were captured and incarcerated, it was not uncommon for them to escape and continue their dealings in a new city or state. The increased element of criminal activity in American cities made it clear that America needed a place to isolate its most dangerous public enemies. The government recognized the benefits that such an institution would provide. If this group of men, known as the toughest two percent, were isolated from society and even from other prisoners in the state institutions, a great burden would be lifted from the federal system. The attorney general at the time, homer s. cummings, consulted president Franklin Roosevelt about the concept of building a prison for the sole purpose of reforming and iso...

The Courtship of Freyr and Gerd

The Courtship of Freyr and Gerd The following story of Freyrs courtship by proxy of Gerd may be somewhat frustrating for modern readers. One day while Odin was away, the Vanir god Freyr sat on his throne, Hlithskjalf, from which he could look out upon the whole of the 9 worlds. As he looked upon the land of the giants, Jotunheim, he noticed a beautiful house owned by the sea giant Gymir into which a lovely young giantess entered. Freyr became sad obsessing about the young giantess, whose name was Gerd, but he wouldnt tell anyone what he was brooding about; perhaps because he didnt want to admit that he had been sitting on the forbidden throne; perhaps because he knew the love between giants and Aesir was taboo. Since Freyr wouldnt eat or drink, his family grew worried but were afraid to talk with him. In time, his father Njord summoned Freyrs servant Skirnir to find out what was going on. Skirmir Tries to Court Gerd for Freyr Skirnir was able to extract the information from his master. In return, Freyr extracted a promise from Skirnir to woo Gymirs daughter Gerd for him and gave him a horse that would go through the magic ring of fire surrounding Gymirs home and special sword that fights giants on its own. After a minimal number of obstacles, Gerd gave Skirnir an audience. Skirnir asked her to say she loved Freyr in exchange for precious gifts. She refused, saying she had enough gold already. She added that she could never love a Vanir. Skirnir turned to threats. He carved runes on a stick and told Gerd he would send her to the frost ogre realm where she would pine for both food and a mans love. Gerd conceded. She said she would meet with Freyr in 9 days. The servant returned to tell Freyr the excellent news. Freyrs response was impatience, and so the story ends. The story of Freyr and Gerd (or Gerda) is told in Skirnismal (Skirnirs Lay), from the poetic Edda, and in a prose version in Gylfaginning (Deception of the Gylfi) in the Edda by Snorri Sturluson. Source: The Withdrawal of the Fertility God, Annelise Talbot Folklore, Vol. 93, No. 1. (1982), pp. 31-46.

Environmental controversy-energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environmental controversy-energy - Essay Example With reduces oil consumption, the oil reserves will always be highly sufficient to cover the whole duration when a shortage of supply could be experienced, and thus eliminate the shocks that are associated with oil price hikes every time a shortage in supply is looming. Another argument in support of government intervention to increase fuel efficiency is the fact that, this intervention will go a long way in mitigating the impacts of global warming and air pollution (National Research Council, 2002). With reduced fuel consumption for each vehicle, the gasoline emissions which cause air pollution and the consequent degradation of the ozone layer; which poses a great danger of global warming, could be reduced (Faiz, Weaver, Walsh & Gautam, 1996). This is also in line with the current policy for environmental protection, since global warming is an emerging important concern for the world. Thus, for those opposed to the government intervention to enhance fuel efficiency for all vehicles, the best explanation to have them support the move, is welcoming them to the realization that improved fuel efficiency does not only help in the conservation of our environment, but also in avoiding the price shocks associated with oil supply fluctuations. National Research Council (U.S.)., National Research Council (U.S.)., & National Research Council (U.S.). (2002). Effectiveness and impact of corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards. Washington, D.C: National Academy

Consider Criminal Liability Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Consider Criminal Liability - Case Study Example Similarly in the case of Jane, under s3 Theft Act 1968, she innocently or intentionally is keeping the money with her, however in the case of candles which Jane borrows refers to the s2 (1) (b) where Jane is not considered under Theft Act s 3 as she has borrowed them and is in intention to gave them back. (Harvey et al, 1998, p. 43) But then she uses the candles which comes under the case of an offence under the Theft Act 1968, where the property in question is recovered, any damage to the property occurring while it was out of the owner's possession shall be treated for the purposes of subsection (1) as having resulted from the offence, however and by whomsoever the damage was caused. This is similar to the case Jackson v. Horizon [1975]2 It is now possible to commit the crime of false pretences in many jurisdictions by borrowing money with the intent not to repay it. Receipt of the money satisfies the element of acquiring title. Though the borrower falsely promises to repay the loan, he engages in no deception about the external world that is subject to proof at the time of his act. His deception, if any, is about his plans for the future, and the best evidence of that is what he does when the debt falls due. Though the crime is technically committed at the time the loan is received, the critical evidence of liability is furnished by his failure to repay at some future time. (Fletcher, 2000, p. 11) Although the result of Jackson's case is sensible and probably correct, Lord Denning's reasoning has since been disapproved in the House of Lords in Woodar Investment Development Ltd v Wimpey Construction UK Ltd [1980] 1 All ER 571, [1980] 1 WLR 277, HL. As a rule of Law, Lush LJ as an insurance broker may sue on a contract which is made by him on behalf of the principal provided the contract gives him such a right and is no authority for the proposition required in Jackson's case 3. However if a person X made a contract for a sum of money to be paid to Y, X can, without notifying the loss he has suffered can sue for damages for non-payment of that sum which would certainly not be an established rule of law, nor was it quoted as such authority by Lord Pearce in Beswick v Beswick4. A similar view was expressed by Lord Russell. Whether the disapproval will make any difference in practice to the quantum of damages awarded in family holiday cases is unclear. A sympathetic judge might choose to place more emphasis on the distress of the contracting party in witnessing the family suffering. (Harvey et al, 1998, p. 44) Jane situation is critical as she receives 70.00 instead of 50.00. Under this situation the law states a person who receives a gift has no right of redress against the donor merely because the gift is of unmerchantable quality or does not correspond with the donor's description of it. The person receiving the gift may have a remedy in tort if the gift causes injury or damage which is attributable to negligence on the donor's part. But that is another matter: he has no remedy in contract against the donor for the simple reason that there is no contract between them. To the extent that the offer of worthless goods, without charge, as part of a sales promotion, is against the public

The Great Gatsby Essay Example for Free

The Great Gatsby Essay â€Å"The most iconic characters in literature are alienated by the changing world around them. † Discuss these ideas in relation to The Great Gatsby and Nineteen Eighty-Four. In ‘The Great Gatsby,’ Fitzgerald frequently demonstrates how isolated his strongest characters are by the world around them through a variety of techniques. Both Nick and Gatsby are presented as being alienated from the world in some way and, as suggested by William Troy, both characters represent two forces in Fitzgerald’s own life – â€Å"’intelligent and responsible’ vs. ‘dream ridden romantic. † He uses symbolism frequently throughout the novel to suggest that this split autobiographical portrayal of his characters is representative of the limbo between â€Å"‘power’ and ‘dream’† as said by Lionel Trilling in his critical essay, and the immovability this creates within people. I find confinement of characters is shown in the novel through a use of pathetic fallacy. Fitzgerald also uses the novel to introduce the theme of class and demonstrate how wealth constricts different people in different ways, despite sometimes seeming like the key to happiness. Many of these ideas are echoed in ‘Nineteen Eight-Four,’ in which Orwell uses symbolism to emphasise his totalitarian oppressive society. One way Fitzgerald portrays his characters as confined by the world around them is through his use of pathetic fallacy. The phrase ‘weather-beaten’ is used to describe Nick’s bungalow on the West Egg and this implied that it wasn’t just the people in ‘The Great Gatsby’ that the weather and change bore down on, but the buildings too. When Nick first visits Tom Buchanan at his home, Fitzgerald says the two men talk on ‘the sunny porch’ with the sunshine here being presented as a sense of optimism that Nick can find companionship with a man he knew at ‘Yale’. When Nick talks to Daisy during that first visit, he tells her there’s a ‘persistent wail all night’ along the shore of where they’ve left; Nick is bowing to Daisy’s desire to be missed by personifying nature to allow it to chase after her, much like Gatsby. Sunshine again is used by Fitzgerald to present those who are indulgently wealthy when Nick visits Tom and Myrtle’s apartment which was ‘full of cheerful sun’ until night time and alcohol were brought into the story. Alcohol is usually accompanied with darkness within the novel, to reflect Fitzgerald’s potential personal distaste as a recovering alcoholic at the point of writing the novel. Of Gatsby’s parties, it is said they are held on ‘summer nights,’ a phrase still managing to retain the concept of summer and nice weather to attach to the wealth. Once Nick has arranged the meeting between Daisy and Gatsby, Fitzgerald uses pathetic fallacy to mirror Gatsby’s emotions within the chapter. As he waits for Daisy coloured with ‘embarrassment,’ it is ‘pouring rain’ but once Daisy arrives and he sees her with ‘unreasoning joy’ it has ‘stopped raining,’ and finally as Nick leaves Daisy and Gatsby looking at each other with ‘wonder’ over a piano, there are ‘twinkle-bells of sunshine’ leaving a sense of hope to the chapter that the constraining rain did not hold. Again, at Gatsby’s funeral, Fitzgerald writes the weather to very clearly reflect the character’s moods. Nick is deeply saddened by the loss of his friend and the rain is repeatedly described to be ‘thick’ and ‘heavy,’ a force to be reckoned with that the characters must move ‘through to the cars. ’ The rain is shown to hang around Nick, replacing the people the funeral lacks in attendance and shows that Fitzgerald thinks it is a trapping task for a man to abandon the side of him that dreams. Similarly, Orwell also uses metaphor at the beginning of ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four,’ as Winston enters Victory Mansions to describe the ‘swirl of gritty dust’ following him into the building, reminiscent of how the Party trace every movement and every action, confining their citizens in the most suffocating of manners; the dust reminiscent of the dark, rainy sky in ‘The Great Gatsby’ closing in on the characters. Fitzgerald frequently depicts the isolation of characters in ‘The Great Gatsby’ with use of various reoccurring symbols. Colours are something the author uses in various ways. The colour yellow, which we have already seen mirrored in Fitzgerald’s use of pathetic fallacy with the large amounts of yellow sunshine symbolises decay and corruptness. The reader is told Gatsby’s car is a ‘rich cream’ colour. Not only is the mustard colour of the car symbolism, it is a representation of Gatsby himself – ostentatious and over-the-top in displaying his wealth. Later in the novel, Fitzgerald writes that the car ‘mirrored a dozen suns’ with its large amount of windshields. This give the interpretation that the car is glowing, further drawing on the yellow symbolism of decay for the personal representation of corruption. Perhaps intentionally, it is also this car that leads to Gatsby’s own destruction by being so conspicuous. Gatsby’s demise by his own car leads to the idea presented by Fitzgerald that one cannot escape decay. The Valley of Ashes is riddled with symbolism, from the ‘ash grey’ men that inhabit the ‘grey land’ to the looming billboard eyes of T. J. Eckleburg. The colour grey here symbolises dreariness and monotony, and with the character of Wilson, Fitzgerald ties this to a lack of wealth. The lack of light implies claustrophobia within its inhabitants – Tom says it’s good for Myrtle to ‘get out. The ‘dimmed’ eyes of Eckleburg ‘look out’ over the characters in the novel and symbolise the ever growing commercialism of America and how this change causes moral depravity. This is again emphasised by how Wilson equates these eyes to God when finding out about Myrtle’s affair with the phrase ‘God knows’ what she’s being doing. The eyes watched as Tom and Myrtle had to drive past them to get to their apartment, and the loss of Myrtle’s life occurred in the miserable valley of ashes under their omniscient gaze. Another colour Fitzgerald utilises is white, though it is usually placed in juxtaposition to the character wearing it. Daisy and Jordan, first seen in ‘rippling’ white dresses, are not seen in any other colour but white – falsely implying the purity and innocence women were just losing the expectation to have. This lies in line with Joan Korenman’s interpretation that says the ambiguity of Daisy’s hair colour from dark to light symbolises ‘the fair and the dark women’ of literature, with fair hair being stereotyped as innocent – something the reader finds neither Daisy nor Jordan to be. Fitzgerald is also referencing the ‘expansion of femininity’ with the 1920s â€Å"new women. † In ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four,’ Orwell also uses symbolism when he writes a poster that ‘gazes down’ with large, ‘dark’ eyes much like those of T. J. Eckleburg, that are pasted all over London by the Party – comforting to some inhabitants with the name ‘Big Brother,’ but a threat to others because the posters watch their every move. However the connotations of ‘Big Brother’ are a lot more oppressive than those of God in ‘The Great Gatsby’ and cause Winston’s alienation and his subsequent relationship with Julia. Another way Fitzgerald shows that the characters in ‘The Great Gatsby’ are ostracised because of the world they inhabit is through his presentation of classism and how that affects the interaction between people, as well as isolating them to their own class. Ross Posnock argues that the characters in ‘The Great Gatsby’ are so obsessed with material wealth they treat each other like objects and this could leave many people feeling objectified and therefore ostracised by those who claim to care about them. This is seen when Nick says the cocktails are ‘floating’ – completely overlooking the fact Gatsby’s hired staff are holding the trays. Marxists argue that Nick overlooks the existence and therefore the difficulties of the working class. However at the start of the novel, after the events of the story, Fitzgerald writes that Nick is aware the ‘fundamentally decencies’ are ‘parcelled out unequally at birth’ at that point, which means he knows class play a big role in identity in his current society. Fitzgerald further supports this with the phrase ‘wanted the world to be in uniform’ which is simultaneously a nod to the passing of World War I and also emphasising that Nick has had enough of the upper class’ selfish behaviours. When Nick is sitting on the porch with Daisy and Tom, Tom states that their society is ‘going to pieces’ and spews racist ideals. This is Fitzgerald showing that Tom feels he is at the top of society and does not want to be ‘submerged’ by those he feels are beneath him – the lower class and immigrants. However, earlier when Tom shows Nick his ‘nice place’ the reader can see it isn’t as big or obnoxious as Gatsby’s home and the divide between the â€Å"Old Rich† and â€Å"New Rich† starts to become clear. This minute difference in class leaves the upper classes estranged from each other. At the start of the novel, it is made clear that even Nick’s family have been wealthy ‘for three generations’ and this makes him acceptable despite been less rich than those he socialises with. Like Fitzgerald, Orwell uses the class divide in ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’ to define between members of the Party (who are granted great privileges and freedoms), the middle class who obey the Party (such as Winston), and the proles who ( are a ‘swarming mass’ so poor they are ‘disregarded’ by the Party, which is so convinced of their inability to have action against them – much like Nick’s complete ignorance to Gatsby’s servants at the party. After exploring a variety of factors throughout this essay, I agree with the critical opinion, especially in terms of ‘The Great Gatsby’ as one of Fitzgerald’s main themes throughout was of how Gatsby was trapped in the past and this isolated him from the present. This can be seen especially in the last paragraph of the book, in which Fitzgerald compares his character to boats ‘beating on. ’ I feel Orwell’s characters also felt claustrophobic in their London because of the new law implemented by the Party, and Winston’s submission at the end of the novel is representative of Orwell’s warning to the readers.

American Political Science :: Politics Government Essays

American Political Science In politics as in political science and legal scholarship, the world sometimes seems to be divided into those who think that for the sake of efficiency as well as justice markets must be free from regulation by morals and those who believe that, considerations of efficiency notwithstanding, justice demands that morals govern markets. In his instructive and admirably balanced new book, Cass Sunstein contends that, for all concerned, this is a bad way for the world to be divided. Sunstein sets out to show the superiority of a third view: markets and morals exercise a reciprocal influence on each other, and a respectable political science and a responsible jurisprudence must grasp the complicated relationship between them. In support of his thesis, Sunstein examines a remarkable range of ideas and issues: the ambiguity of preferences; the need to devise empirical measures of human well-being to solve problems of adjudication and public policy that arise in the modern welfare state; the complex origins, the pervasive influence, and the political regulation of social norms; why markets alone cannot put an end to discrimination; free speech issues raised by the Internet; constitution making in Eastern Europe; the relation among property rights, democracy, and constitutionalism; neglected consequences and complicated trade-offs in the regulation of the environment and health; and the project of using the legal system to democratize America. In making his case, Sun stein is conscientious about introducing qualifications to his claims, drawing out problems of implementation inhering in his reforms, and identifying dangers associated with his programs, though occasionally he blurs the distinction between openly acknowledging a difficulty and responding to it by scaling back his theoretical ambitions or revising his political programs. The two crucial and connected points, to which Sunstein returns again and again, are that markets are complex institutions and that morals are an irreducible element of social and political life. It is not exactly that there is no such thing as a free market or that morals are everywhere, but that free markets cannot be understood in isolation from beliefs and practices, especially beliefs about what is just and good for human beings and practices that prepare or prevent one from participating effectively in commercial, democratic society. Moreover, because they depend on and are partly constituted by law, free markets are not only more complex but also less autonomous than they sometimes appear. For example, the law of property provides rules of entitlement and the law of contract establishes rules of transfer.

Emotional Connection and Its Relation to Physical Intimacy or Sex Essay

Majority of women view sexual relationship with valued commitment. They do not allow themselves to be persuaded by their partner who believes that sexual intimacy is part of having a relationship. On the other hand, old-fashioned and modern day women acknowledge the belief that sexual relationship is much persistent within marriage life. This could be true since emotions flow and desires could be much prevalent in the intimate moments of married couples. However, this assumption can be a predicament, finding that intimacy within marriage somehow unpredictably vanishes, and consequently unlit the once flaming emotions. In western cultures and highly developed countries, it is publicly acknowledge and as a normal happening to observe teenagers already sexually aware, accepting that having sexual relationship is a customary expression of love. In fact, sexual orientation is part of the educational curriculum, embarking on the sexual awareness of teenagers at their early age. However, sexual awareness does not pinpoint much the linkage of keeping a happy marriage which is seemingly less emphasized in the sex education, discussing the development of sexual maturity. Either in marriage or in a platonic relationship, one of the important elements that should be present is emotional connection. However, experts believe that the key to successful relationships within marriage lies on adding the aspect of emotions to physical intimacy or sex. Coping or surviving an affair is determined by the sexual intimacy as partly the emotional means. Marriages come to an end because one or both parties are not emotionally attached to each other. They do not see their spouse as a partner in life but as a different individual which tends to be obsolete over time. This research paper will discuss and examine how relationship of couples is survived by several factors within their married life, relating how the effect of emotional connection to physical intimacy or sex is significant features. The review of several literatures and other information is the method used throughout the examinations and findings. Literature Review Overview In the United States, the common causes of divorce are found by experts to be purely emotional, rather than the usual infidelity of a partner. Vis-avis infidelity is also causal to several emotional disturbances, like failure to achieve sexual satisfaction can be disappointing and may cause one party to look for another sexual partner. The troublesome underpinning of failed emotional connection to a partner then becomes a baggage of couples right through their married life. Emotional connection is very crucial in every relationship, specifically marriage. This is why it is important for the couple to get to know each others emotions before deciding to exchange vows as the next level of commitment. Emotions could be the result of openness according to the individual liking or disliking that can be connected by simple understanding, agreement and appreciation (Paulsen, 2008). Sadly, emotional connection gradually disappears as the married life of couples matures. The intimacy that is required to make their marriage strong is displaced on the side, as couples seem to have separate lives within the home setting. When simple differences set in, their individual â€Å"baggage† comes in which initially ignite the unfulfilled emotions that cry out loud as a hostile ground of resentments. The conflict begins beyond disagreements and feeling of neglect, resulting to resolve at the option of divorce. Emotional connection is important in the survival of marriage, enabling couples to iron out differences and work out a solution without parting ways. The convergence of emotional attachment allows couples to make compromise in order to set aside the beliefs that separation would resolve the disagreements (Johnson, 2008). Thus, several factors must be established as the converging point of emotional connections. Importance of Emotional Intimacy in Marriage According to an article written by Shruti Paulsen (2008), creating emotional intimacy in marriage is vital to its survival and success. He likened married life to traveling on a ship with two pilots. At first, the two pilots know what direction to take as well as their destination. However, as the trip goes on, one of the pilots decides to shift the direction to the surprise of the other pilot. In a sense, this is what happens to marriage. In the first few years, the couple has a shared direction and goal. In order to establish emotional connection, it is important for couples to communicate with each others directions. Human culture has the notion that it is bad to be dependent and is a sign of weakness. The truth of the matter is that being emotionally connected with another individual is not. In fact, it provides some sense of security and safety. The basic tenet of the attachment theory is that being apart from another individual can be a traumatic experience (Johnson, 2008). On the other hand, the absence of emotional connection puts into jeopardy an individual’s need for security. Without someone to be emotionally connected with, there is a reason for an individual to panic and become worried. Being emotionally disconnected can play a crucial role in married life as well as in the life of partners. It develops into mistrust of a spouse of their partner (Johnson, 2008). Emotional connection paves the way for couples to develop a deeper understanding of themselves. Establishing intimacy requires sharing of feelings, thoughts, and beliefs. There are various factors that can affect the ability of couples to become emotionally connected to each other. Rearing of children and hectic schedule at work can contribute to the loss of emotional connection and intimacy. Aside from their failure to communicate with each other, there are other factors that can also lead to emotional insecurity such as low self-esteem, childhood experiences, past rejections, and failed relationships. When emotional connection is lacking, marital problems can set in. One spouse views their problem differently than the others (Marriage Quest. Org, 2007). Treatment Issues Warning Signs of Marital Problems When emotional connection is lacking, marital issues can develop some vital signs of marital problems, such as (1) feelings of isolation; (2) increase in arguments or negativity; (3) lack of affection; (4) increase in anger, hostility, and/or sarcasm; (5) avoidance of each other; stonewalling; (6) mistrust. Unfortunately, majority of couples do not possess communication, anger management, commitment, conflict resolution, and intimacy skills (Relationship Institute, 2004). According to Relationship Institute (2004), a study conducted by Dr. J. Gottman from the University of Washington has found the following ‘Four Signs of Relationship Breakdown’: ? Criticism is more than a complain when a spouse finds fault in their partner and attacks the personality and character of the other. ? Contempt shows intention of a spouse to insult or psychologically abuse the other. ? Defensiveness shows unwillingness of a spouse to listen to what their partner wants to say out of fear of being attacked or hurt by the other person. ? Stonewalling is for the spouse to completely ignore or make distance from the other. The Relationship Institute (2004) further cited that a similar study of Dr. Markman and Dr. Stanley from the University of Colorado has described the ‘Four Indicators of Relationship Breakdown’, as follows: ? Increased negativity during interactions of couple shows increased complaining and criticism of each other. ? Invalidation of couple does not show any interest in understanding each other’s point of view. ? Negative Interpretation occurs when one spouse does or says something neutral or positive, but their partner perceives it as hostile or negative. ? Avoidance and withdrawal shows the disagreements. Lack of emotional connection can likewise lead to look for a substitute for the lost intimacy. The substitute can be sexual in nature, such as a sexual partner (infidelity), sex over the phone, pornography, nightlife related to sexual mingling, internet blogging, chronic masturbation, to name a few, or non-sexual in nature, like sports activities, gambling, shopping, pets, community activities, among others. Therapists view these conditions as a disease or addiction, in which sex therapy is suggested to determine the underlying problems (Marriage Quest. Org, 2007). Another potential problem that may arise as a result of the absence of emotional connection is emotional affairs. Having an emotional relationship with another individual is as dangerous as having a physical affair. In marriage where emotional connection is conspicuously absent, one of the spouses finds emotional intimacy through circle of friends. The spouse finds ease, safety and comfort in confiding with another individual, wherein the emotional bond between the couple can become blunt which may jeopardize the marital relationship (Wasson, 2007). Most spouses deny speculations that they are emotionally attached to their friend. In which case, the spouse do not have an idea on what their intimacy with their friend or another person can do to his or her marriage life. While the attachment may not be obvious on the outside, there is however an underlying â€Å"physical chemistry† which can heighten the emotional bond between the individuals involved. The person with whom the spouse has an emotional intimacy with can either be an old friend or a co-worker. It can also involve an individual whom the spouse met through online chatting (Wasson, 2007). Eventually, this individual could transform as the spouse’s primary source of emotional strength. As this develops, the spouse would slowly feel that the friend or co-worker understands them better than their spouse. This would become a major marital problem because it would reach the point that the spouse would keep the conversation a secret to their partner. The spouse would then feel betrayed or deceived by their partner who would bring about a fracture or barrier in their marital relationship (Wasson, 2007). A certain John Gottman who has been undergoing research for more than 18 years, revealed that there are four potential contributors to unhappy marriage namely defensiveness, criticism, contempt, and stonewalling. Divorce is a potential end result due to the couple’s lack of communication. It was found in a study involving 130 newlywed couples that (1) lack of emotional connection was lacking as reflected in the husband’s rejection of the influence of his wife, (2) the negative feelings of the wife during conversations, (3) the failure of the husband to weaken the low-level negative effect of his wife, and (4) the absence of physiological soothing in the male (Levine et al, 2005). Studies have also revealed that the negativity of their wives has an adverse affect on the husband. This is evident when they withdraw from conversations raised by their wives’. As a result, the relationship satisfaction of the wife declines. The couple then undergoes a negative cycle wherein a high degree of negativity from the wife leads to higher degree of withdrawal from the husband (Levine et al, 2005). Infidelity Having an emotional affair is also known as emotional infidelity. Although there is no physical component that might be involved, emotional infidelity is an act wherein a spouse invests love, time, and attention to another person other than their partner. Components of emotional intimacy are present such as sharing, understanding, companion, self-esteem, and close relationships. According to a 2003 study, 57% of women and 44% of husbands revealed that they were emotionally connected to another person without involving intercourse. The study also revealed that women are more prone to emotional infidelity than men (Piercy et al, 2005). Infidelity refers to the â€Å"breach of a contract of sexual exclusivity between two individuals† that is dating, being married, or committed to each other. Recent definitions have expanded to having sexual relationships with another individual aside from the partner. It may also involve cybersex, pornography, physical intimacy, or emotional attachment with another person which jeopardizes the primary relationship. Infidelity may also involve issues which are connected to time, energy, and resources in order to maintain the other relationship (Piercy et al, 2005). According to statistics compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics from the 1980s to the early part of the 1990s, approximately a third of marriages end up as a failure in the first 5 years and about fifty percent to two-thirds results to divorce. Several studies reveal that a marriage which started with love, care, affection, sense of humor, commitment, and optimism usually results to satisfaction. This was reflected in a longitudinal study involving 95 newlywed couples who perceived that the marital bond between partners would stay married or divorced within the first five years of married life (Levine et al, 2005). Effects of Infidelity Emotional infidelity has a significant effect on the lives of couples and families. It transcends in the couple, family, as well as in the social network of the couple. Upon the discovery of the affair, the couple needs to make a decision whether to continue the relationship or part ways. To the offended spouse, they would become angry at their partner for betraying them. Eventually, they would lose their trust in their partner for their deception (Piercy et al, 2005). Aside from anger, the offender spouse may also become suspicious of their partner, having mistrust of the same cheat. They may continuously inquire about the whereabouts of their spouse. In return, the involved spouse may need to report about their activities and may be judged by their partner. Psychologically, emotional infidelity may lead to guilt feelings and loss of self-esteem. The involved spouse may develop the need to protect their partner from being hurt as a result of their deception. Consequently, this may hurt the couples’ chances of working on their relationship. They would develop fear of resolving some difficult issues as well as feeling unsafe communicating with one another (Piercy et al, 2005). Infidelity may also bring about physical effects. The combined factors of stress, agitation, and exhaustion can result to health issues for both partners. Likewise, the involved spouse may place the primary relationship at risk with the threat of sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV and herpes. Some STDs can be a lifelong suffering which could have a significant impact on the life of the couple and their families (Piercy et al, 2005).

Ethics and Social Responsibilities of Business Essay

It is cardinal fact that the â€Å"emergence of management as a distinct and identifiable activity in the modern era has had an important impact on the society with which it developed† (Massie 29). Even during the early the early days of the 20th century, most of the business corporations were predominantly concerned with their singular objective of profit maximization. As a matter of stark reality, business corporations are open system and, resultantly, they need to continuously interact with the society. Hence, many social activists began to question this singular motive of organization during the later part of the previous century. Many scholars like Bowen, pointed out that since the corporations drive their existence from the society, it must possess certain obligations towards the betterment of the later. Gradually, in the modern times, business ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR) became a ‘science of conduct’ for almost all the business units (McNamara).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In very simple terms, business ethics is a â€Å"study of morality and standards of conducts† (Fred and Richard, 480). By the term ‘ethics’ we generally used to refer to the rules or principles which define right and wrong code of conduct. According to Walton, â€Å"business ethics is concerned with truth and justice and has variety of aspects such as expectations of the society, fair competition, advertizing, public relations, social responsibilities, consumer autonomy, and corporate behavior in the home country as well as abroad† (qtd. in Paul, 66).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the modern era, the expectations and demand of the customer’s and the society as a whole has changed a lot, and hence, most of the business organizations have become more and more aware of their ethical and social responsibilities towards their interest groups. According to Kenneth R. Andrews, the term ethical and social responsibility mean the â€Å"intelligent and objective concern for the welfare of society that restraints individual and corporate behavior from ultimately destructive activities, no matter how immediately profitable, and leads in the direction of positive contribution to human betterment† (qtd. in Ray 24). Thus along with promoting its own interests, business should always behave in a responsible manner towards the interests and betterment of its employees, customers, creditors, government, shareholders and the society as a whole. Thus, as Davis and Robert have rightly observed, â€Å"corporate social responsibility indicates the management’s commitment towards upholding the interests of direct stakeholders and to behave in an economically and environmentally responsible manner† (Davis and Robert, 1975). To What Extent Should Business be involved in fulfilling Social Obligations For more than two centuries, the debate has still been going on about whether business should possess social and ethical responsibilities towards the society. If so, then the question naturally arrives – to what extent business should involve itself towards the betterment and welfare of the former? An analysis of facts and arguments are sure to make this point crystal clear. These are discussed hereunder as follows: Arguments against Businesses’ Involvements:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First of all, the principal objective of business is to generate profit and, hence, any involvement in social affairs or much ethical behavior is surely directed against this motive. In the views of Milton Friedman, only people can have responsibilities; business as a whole, considered as artificial person, cannot be expected to possess such responsibilities. The only responsibility that business should have is to maximize its profits (Friedman 1970).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Secondly, businesses have to incur excessive cost for any social involvements. But, where from this cost will come? This cost is generally adjusted by increasing the selling price of goods produced and services rendered by the business. Hence, â€Å"the corporate executives would be spending someone else’s money for a general social interest† (Friedman 1970). Hence, as a result of businesses’ involvement in social affairs, the society itself has to bear the burden of this excess cost. As Levitt puts it, the results would be socially less desirable than the previous days when firms were predominantly concerned with their only objective of profit-maximization (1958).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thirdly, since any social involvements is sure to increase the price of products, the MNCs operating at overseas markets may face stiff competition from the local counterparts which may not be involved in fulfilling ethical and social obligations. This may create an weakened international balance of payments (BoP).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fourthly, too much social involvements may immensely enhance the power and authority of business through political and social means itself. This can ultimately corrupt them in the subsequent times (Richard and Fred 480).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fifthly, business executive lacks social skills and are not effective in handling social affairs. According to Friedman, the managers should concentrate on what they know the best – ‘how to make profits’ (1970).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, there are no specifically defined parameters of ethical and social responsibility. â€Å"What does it mean to say that the corporate executive has a ‘social responsibility?† (Friedman 1970). There is no agreement that clearly defines what type of social, ethical and moral responsibilities that businesses should undertake. Arguments for Social and Ethical Responsibilities: The modern world has witnessed a drastic change in the expectations of the society. First of all, every business organization is a part of the social system. It earns its profits from the society in which it operates. Organizations should, therefore, always consider the impacts of its decisions on the society. Since businesses earn their profits from the society, the former must possess certain responsibilities to the later. Secondly, both the society and business are equally benefited when a symbiotic relationship exists between the two. The society gains through economic developments and reduction of unemployment rate, and, on the other hand, business is benefited through the customers and workforce supplied by the society. Thirdly, a positive social image helps the business to increase its brand image in the eye of the consumers and thereby increasing the number its loyal customers. A favorable public image helps the business to attract and retain skillful employees, great investors etc. Fourthly, a favorable public image helps the business to avoid the vigil eyes of the government and other regulatory agencies. It certainly provides greater independence and flexibility in the mode of their operations. Fifthly, social responsibility involves the conservation of natural resources which is very much beneficial not only to the society, but also for the business itself. Many products, like cans, bottles etc., which were considered as wastes in the earlier days, can now be recycled and profitably used. Sixthly, business possess considerable amount of power and authority – the exercise of this power should be balanced through a simultaneous display of ethical responsibility. Finally, business should prevent social problems for its own interests. Instead of allowing large scale unemployment leading to social political unrest, which can eventually spoil the operations of business in the subsequent times, business organization can rather become the source of employment for qualified and eligible people. Social and Ethical Responsibility on Interests Groups The International Seminar on Social Responsibility of Business has rightly observed that business corporations should be responsible to the following interests groups: Shareholders: The shareholders provide the prime resources i.e. the capital to the business for its existence, growth and development. Hence, the later must protect interests of the former. Employees: Employees are the most important assets for any organizations. It is through the employees that the business runs itself. In the earlier days, the management regarded its employees as only a factor of production and, therefore, denied their true rights. However, modern managements have rightly understood that unless the employees are happy, it is very much difficult to reach high levels of customer’s satisfaction. Customers: The most successful businesses of the world put the customer first, ahead of the investors (Mackey 2005). Modern organizations have realized the importance of keeping the customers satisfied. The growth of consumerism has contributed much to this realization. Creditors: The major inputs like machine, money, materials etc. are supplied by the creditors. Hence, business must behave ethically and responsively towards them. Society: Every business corporations, being open systems, operates within a social system. It draws its resources from the society in which it operates. Hence, it must be socially responsible for the welfare of the later. Government: It is the government of a country of state that provides the primary facilities for the growth and development of the business. Most of the governmental decisions are subjected towards the growth and betterment of the business. Hence, the business, in its turn, should behave ethically and in a socially responsible way towards the government. Conclusion Every business organization is a part of the economic and political system and not an isolated island without any foreign relations. It is the core of a network of relationships to individuals, groups, and things (Reddy and Tripathy 295). Hence, the management should always consider the impacts of their decisions on all the interest groups with which it is closely bonded. The business should operate as a trustee for the wellbeing of its employees, customers, the government, suppliers and creditors, shareholders and the society as a whole. In fact, the management’s duty is to mediate among all these social stakeholders in order to ensure that each of them gets a square deal and none of their interests and benefits are unduly sacrificed to those of the others. Social and ethical responsibilities â€Å"are management’s responsiveness to public consensus† (Adolph 1963).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Every civil citizen must possess some social and ethical responsibilities. True that the business corporations are considered as ‘artificial persons’ – but does that mean it should not possess any obligations towards the welfare of the system in which it grows and develops? Obviously, to increase profit is one of the prime motive of every business and from this point, any social involvements reduces the percentage of profit for the business. But, from a wider perspective, it can be concluded that, business corporations should â€Å"behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large† (Holme and Watts). References Adolph, A.B. The American Economic Republic, Harcourt Brace and World, New York, 1963 Corporate Social Responsibility: Evolution of a Definitional Construct: Carroll Business Society.1999, 268-295 Davis, K. and Robert, L. B. Business and Society, Environment and Responsibility, Revised   Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Book Company Inc. New York, 1975 Friedman, M. The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profit, New York   Times Magazine, 13 September, 1970 Friedman, M. ibid, 1970 Friedman, M. ibid, 1970 Holme, L and Watts, R. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Making   Good Business Sense – http://www.mallenbaker.net/csr/CSRfiles/definition.html Levitt, T. The Dangers of Social Responsibility, Harvard Business Review, Sept, 1958. Mackey, J. (qtd. in) Rethinking the Social Responsibilities of Business, October 2005   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.reason.com/news/show/32239.html McNamara, C. Complete Guide to Ethics Management: An Ethics Toolkit for Managers http://www.managementhelp.org/ethics/ethxgde.htm Massie, J.L. Ethical and Environmental Foundations, Essentials of Management, Fourth Edition, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi, 1995, 29 Paul, C. Ethics in Business, Introduction to Management, Modern Book House, Calcutta,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   India, 1989, 66 Ray, S.M. Corporate Social Responsibility, An Introduction of Management Thoughts, Oriental Publications, New Delhi, 1979, 24 Redddy, P.N. and Tripathy, P.C. Social Responsibilities of Business, Principles of Management, Tata-McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1995, 295 Redddy, P.N. and Tripathy, P.C. ibid, Richard, M.H. and Fred, L. Ethics and Social Responsibilities, International Management, Third Edition, McGraw Hill International Editions, 1997, 480 Richard, M.H. and Fred, L. ibid, 481 Stehi, S.P, Dimensions of Corporate Social Performance, An analytical Framework,   California Management Review, Vol. 17, No. 3, 1975, p. 58-64 The International Seminar on Social Responsibilities of Business: (qtd. in Mukharjee, P.B. Social Responsibilities of Business, 1994, 09

Free Essays on Butterfly Effect

As Maximus says in the movie Gladiator, â€Å"What we do in life echoes in eternity.† The Butterfly Effect, in its essence, says that a small change, such as a flap of a butterfly’s wings in China, may trigger a much larger circumstance across the globe, such as a storm front in New York. Drastic changes result from small changes in the initial settings. When we take a closer look, it becomes evident that this idea is relevant is all of our lives. My experience with the Butterfly Effect started two years ago. Summer had begun and I was still without a summer job. My friends already had a couple of weeks of steady income under their belts, and I was beginning to worry that my ideal job would not present itself. Then, my problems were solved †¦ almost. Within a couple hours, I received phone calls by two possible employers. First, I was called by Paul, my volleyball coach, in need of someone to do manual labor for the summer. I would be sandblasting for him. The pay was very good for my age but would also come only with hard, tedious work. The other job offer came from Donna, a family friend, involving a new tennis camp she was directing. She asked if I were interested in being a counselor for the summer; there would be minimal pay but a relaxed workplace. Putting off my decision for a while, I went out with my friends, knowing I would have to face my decision when I came back. After weighing my options, I settled on working for Paul. It seemed like the right decision, especially with the bill for club volleyball still on my â€Å"To-Pay† list. When I got home, I went to the phone to call Paul and tell him that I was available for the summer. As I was looking up his number, the phone rang in my hand; it was my grandmother with her usual call to check up on me. Our talk lasted a good half an hour before I realized I had to call Paul before he closed up the shop. I finished with my grandmother and dialed up Paul. Wh... Free Essays on Butterfly Effect Free Essays on Butterfly Effect As Maximus says in the movie Gladiator, â€Å"What we do in life echoes in eternity.† The Butterfly Effect, in its essence, says that a small change, such as a flap of a butterfly’s wings in China, may trigger a much larger circumstance across the globe, such as a storm front in New York. Drastic changes result from small changes in the initial settings. When we take a closer look, it becomes evident that this idea is relevant is all of our lives. My experience with the Butterfly Effect started two years ago. Summer had begun and I was still without a summer job. My friends already had a couple of weeks of steady income under their belts, and I was beginning to worry that my ideal job would not present itself. Then, my problems were solved †¦ almost. Within a couple hours, I received phone calls by two possible employers. First, I was called by Paul, my volleyball coach, in need of someone to do manual labor for the summer. I would be sandblasting for him. The pay was very good for my age but would also come only with hard, tedious work. The other job offer came from Donna, a family friend, involving a new tennis camp she was directing. She asked if I were interested in being a counselor for the summer; there would be minimal pay but a relaxed workplace. Putting off my decision for a while, I went out with my friends, knowing I would have to face my decision when I came back. After weighing my options, I settled on working for Paul. It seemed like the right decision, especially with the bill for club volleyball still on my â€Å"To-Pay† list. When I got home, I went to the phone to call Paul and tell him that I was available for the summer. As I was looking up his number, the phone rang in my hand; it was my grandmother with her usual call to check up on me. Our talk lasted a good half an hour before I realized I had to call Paul before he closed up the shop. I finished with my grandmother and dialed up Paul. Wh...

9 top jobs to pursue if youre bilingual

9 top jobs to pursue if youre bilingual Having another language under your belt can be a huge career asset in today’s crowded market. People on two sides of a language divide will rely on you  to effectively and fluently convey information back and forth. If you’re bilingual (or looking to add another language to your skillset), read on to learn about the best jobs for people with this valuable skill. 1. Translator/InterpreterThis is sort of a no brainer, but it’s a much-needed and thriving career. Whether your skills are best written or verbal, a wide variety of institutions and organizations need people who speak different languages available- think hospitals, conference centers, educational institutions, courts, immigration facilities†¦ the list goes on and on.2. Emergency ServicesWhen people call for an emergency, they need to be heard and understood without delay. If someone calls with limited English skills and you are able to help them in their native tongue, you’ll save the say fo r everyone involved. Consider joining fire or police departments or becoming an EMT.3. Human ResourcesMost companies are looking to improve workplace diversity, so bringing foreign workers onto the payroll is key. An HR department that can communicate with new hires? A no brainer.  Human resources specialists recruit, interview, and place workers.4. Customer ServiceWhy deal with irate calls in only one language? Or better yet: why not help companies grow their customer base by helping to field queries and complaints in not one, but two languages! Multilingual call centers are already a norm, so they’re always on the lookout for multi- or bilingual applicants with cultural sensitivity and stellar people skills.5. Social/Community WorkHelp people in their own communities and in their own languages. Americans come from so many diverse backgrounds that it’s often a huge plus to be able to help someone in their native tongue- whether you’re a social worker or a dis aster relief worker, etc.6. Bank TellerBanks can be intimidating and confusing places on a good day. Now imagine no one speaking your language. Be a hero and help people through transactions in their first language.7. Immigration SpecialistChances are, if you’re working to help people acquire legal status in the United States for the first time, they might not be totally fluent in English right off the bat. Help them through the trying process in their own language.8. Flight AttendantSet yourself apart from the other candidates by boasting that you can communicate with customers on board in more than one language. Having another language in your pocket (or multiple languages!) increases the safety and understanding of everyone on the plane, and can make a flight more comfortable for someone whose English isn’t great.9. TeacherAs this list has shown, knowing another language other than English makes you hirable in a variety of fields. Why not help the next generation of workers be able to communicate fluently in another language? You’ll get to pass on your passion to a group of kids and ensure that they will be armed with a valuable skill that will enhance their personal and professional lives.

Origin and Early Expansion of Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Origin and Early Expansion of Islam - Essay Example This change was mainly brought about by the new religion of Islam. "Islam exploded upon the world with the sudden force of a desert whirlwind."1(Hyslop 1991,18) Islam unified the tribal groups of Arabia and its sphere of influence increased with more and more people being drawn to the new religion. By the beginning of the eighth century, Islam had spread from India in the east to Spain in the west, making the other ancient empires look puny by contrast. This spectacular expansion of Islam was made possible by the social, political and economic conditions of the people prevailing during the time and the simplicity of the religion.. It is indubitable that Islam brought many different peoples together because of its emphasis on charity. Arabia was peopled by the nomadic Bedouin tribes as well as the traders and merchants who lived a settled life. The Bedouins were poor and had a hard life, while the traders and merchants lived a settled life of comfort. Trade routes from many countries crossed in South Arabia. Luxury goods like silk, spices and precious stones were brought from India and China by the arab dhows, which then were transported by land, in caravans to the empires of the Mediterranean and Europe. The Arab traders who controlled the trade from India and China to the Mediterranean and European countries became very rich. Greed of the rich was increasing while the poor people suffered untold hardships. In 613 A.D, when Mohammad first started preaching his new religion, with its emphasis on charity to the poor, it appealed to the rich and poor alike. Many people converted to the new religion. Another reason for the rapid rise of Islam was that religion was not separate from politics in Islam. According to Goldschmidt, "Religion was a corporate experience, a community of believers bound together by adherence to a common set of laws and beliefs, rather than a private and personal relationship between each person and his maker. Religion and politics were inextricably intertwined."2 (Goldschmidt 2005, 106) At the time, the Byzantine Empire with its capital at Constantinople , and the Sassanian Empire ,had both become impoverished by constant wars. The weakened conditions of the formidable empires made it easy for the Islamic warriors to conquer new lands. "The fierce efficiency of the desert warriors and their fervor under Islam contributed to the explosive campaign of conquest."3 (Hyslop 1991, 40) The appeal of the new religion was very great- it attracted people from all walks of life. The basic rules required to be followed by the followers of Islam, who were called Muslims, were only five, and they were very simple. The first rule was, acknowledging that there is only one god who is called Allah, and that Mohammad was his prophet. The second rule was to pray five times a day facing Mecca. The third rule was to fast during the month of Ramzan. The fourth rule was to pay zakat , a kind of charity , and the fifth rule was to make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a Muslim's lifetime. The rewards for observing these simple rules were quite attractive for the Arabs. They would share the loot, as well as receive attractive rewards in the

A rhetorical analysis of an argumentative article of your choosing Essay

A rhetorical analysis of an argumentative article of your choosing - Essay Example The article on gun laws was viewed almost by everyone in the world and especially the United States citizens. This was as a result of the Colorado cinema shooting fiasco. The authors’ argument is generally based on the perfect implementation of gun laws in the United States and the rest of the word. This finally will enhance the respect of the sanctity of human life. This paper tries to bring out an argumentative nature of the gun law article. This was because of various opinions from different individuals after the Colorado cinema shooting. According to these composed writers, in 2007, a total number of twelve thousand six hundred and thirty two people in the United States succumbed to firearms related injuries. Another 48676 were admitted to hospitals for gunshot wounds (Bellesiles 28). These two writers are of the opinion that; the restriction gun laws or even relaxing them will reduce the death toll thru shooting which has been a contentious issue in America. These intelle cts on law furthermore argue that proponents of tighter gun laws will definitely do away with these vital and risky weapons falling on wrong hands. These wrong hands in their argumentative article may include criminals, addicted drug users or even the mentally ill individuals (Carter 180). The two with no doubt believe that drug users are majorly the result of the senseless shooting in the public social settings. The gun laws article also criticises the age individuals should be allowed to acquire guns. In the United States, the bare minimum age to hold a gun legally is eighteen years old. This to some extent is not appropriate for these young individuals are not mature for an efficient and effective decision-making (Ramage 98). This according to these two researchers cum writers, in most cases, has also resulted into premature exchange of words and shooting senselessly by the young individuals in the United States. These two writers also believe it is not only in the United States where gun laws are very weak, but this extends to several parts of the world. In a country like South Korea, these prolific writers believe and thus argue that homicide cases related to guns are far less compared to the United States due to strict gun laws which they as well understand is the father of democracy. These examples of fundamentally different states in thefield of gun laws prove that restricting gun laws will actually benefit the populace. These writers, on the other hand, argue that restricting gun laws is more beneficial. Through the restriction of gun laws, the articles firmly believe and argues that day-to-day senseless shooting is curbed totally. Private gun dealers who sell guns ignore critical regulation to those who purchase the guns hence about 85percent of all guns used in crimes unrecovered by law enforcers are linked to them. All these private party sales allow almost everybody to put a stockpile of weapons (Spitzer 238). This as well greatly undermines the g overnment efforts to control the illegal firearms in the country. A private party gun sale is completely unwarranted. This makes the private party gun sales comparable to over the counter purchase of home effects. There are those who argue and believe that relaxing gun laws would create a safer state. Gun advocates and gun manufacturers strongly argue that more guns equals’ tighter security as every gun holder can act as a police. An example is where a criminal or terrorist who pulls out an assault automatic rifle to start